Interpretation: the life of the mother what biological? (photos)

Archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes?

Scientists believe that all living things on Earth — — from humans to the bells bacterial, from the blue whale — are derived from the same entity, a 30 billion years or 4 billion years ago, floating in the "original soup" surrounding the original cell. This entity is? it is how to live, and live where? scientists are a step by step to our unlocks the mysteries.

This entity is referred to as "Luka (LUCA)", "the first basic common ancestor", it did not leave any known fossil, no other physical clues to reveal its identity. However, on all the common ancestor of life eventually recover. Researchers are comparing all organism's genome, draw the common ancestor of all life "portraits". Their findings are quite controversial, but also for the people in the past formed the original life of some of the most fundamental imagination constitutes a challenge.

Earliest life entities "Luka" is bacteria, Archaea, and eukaryotes?

According to the new scientist "reported that the earliest life entity should be a self-replicating molecule ability, it is thought likely to occur in approximately 43 million years ago. It may be gradually evolved into many of the original cells. Then "Luka," what is it like?

The earliest reveal "Luka" arrangement of scientists is the University of Illinois at molecular biologist Carl · Atsumi. 1960s, Atsumi, invented a comparison in ribosomal RNA section found in the sequence to measure the relationship between species. Assuming that the gene mutations over time, natural growth two more species of sorting are totally different, they separate the longer time.

Atsumi, this lasted more than ten years of research, and biologists on a life of classification, which will be redefined to exploration "Luka," trying to have a major impact. Previously, life forms in the most basic level is divided into two biological taxa: eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Eukaryotes including all of the animals and plants, fungi and bacteria are unicellular (e.g. yeast). Prokaryotic characteristic is the absence of a nucleus of the cell membrane, and is not organized into chromosomal DNA.

Atsumi, found in prokaryotic actually has a third type of bio: ancient bacteria. Although the Archaea and bacteria are similar in many ways, but the lack of definition of peptide and lipid sugar, and only a few characteristics of eukaryotic cells. Since then, scientists use a new classification system, the creature is divided into three domains: Archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. However, the early results of Ottawa did not make an important question to answer: these three fields is in what order evolution?, in other words, "Luka" is the ancient bacteria bacteria, or, or eukaryotes? the 1980s, scientists on the ribosomal RNA further comparison showed that the bacterium is the oldest domain. Although the subsequent analysis of the other genes produce some inconsistent results, but the above argument has always been the dominant.

France Paris University Professor for a "Luka" are eukaryotic.

Not everyone agreed with this view. France Paris University Professor Patrick · Ford Le is one of the main opposition. He believes that this gene analysis method itself there is a major flaw: not different domain mutations take into account the different speeds. Therefore, some bacteria evolve faster immediate descendants look real to the "old". Bacteria are usually considered more than the original eukaryotic cells because they are more simple. But Ford Le Professor noted that, although more complex eukaryotic organisms, they are also full of the original structure. For example, eukaryotic chromosomes including tandem linear DNA, this requires a molecule known as telomerase to protect its peripheral in the copy process is not damaged. The bacterial chromosome is circular, there is no need to protect Telomeres.

Eukaryotic gene introns are also included. Bacteria lack introns, therefore they do not need editing. Compared with eukaryotic organisms, bacteria and sleek, in manufacture of proteins in a more efficient. They can in a few seconds to start on the road of protein synthesis. While the same biological process eukaryotic organisms need half an hour. Ford-Professor bacterium and perhaps more recent evolution, in fact, "Luka" are eukaryotic.

A revealing "Luka" identity of the different methods from the 1990s completion of the first batch of genome sequencing projects. This allows researchers to list all life forms a common gene. But surprisingly, the "tree of life" all the results are quite a number of genes. For example, the latest research on 100 species were compared, only to discover 60 gene is pervasive. This analysis revealed just what genes are original, but with these genes "in" species. From here the scientists realized that the gene may be in different transfer between species.

Gene parallel transfer is comparative genomic sequence of a shocking results. This is clearly in conflict with Darwin, Darwin's theory of evolution, evolutionary tree of life, the genetic material in the system can only be passed from generation to generation vertically (i.e. gene vertical transfer). Gene parallel transfer seems to be in early evolutionary plays an important role. Therefore, living species are different evolutionary history of the chimeric gene.

The earliest biological is temperature-resistant bacteria, "Luka" is part of thermophilic organisms.

We can get from "Luka" possible living environment in clue? some comparative gene drawn according to the pedigree suggests that the earliest biological is super heat resistant bacteria (living in more than 80 degrees Celsius of organic matter). This explains the "Luka" is such a creature, perhaps living in the deep sea, near the mouth of geothermal energy. Geothermal mineral contained by the lack of oxygen in the Earth to provide energy.

The theory is that, at a high temperature environment of life require special enzyme

In order to protect its RNA and DNA from injury. The evolution to make it gradually toward the special high-temperature areas, enzyme easier before life form was originally more likely to come from a temperature suitable for the environment. But new research has further weakened the Super heat resistant bacteria is the first appear in the form of life on Earth. Scientists in 2000, the study showed that the rotation of the enzyme until three field splitting before evolution, this can enhance DNA thermal injury enzyme only exists in the Super heat resistant bacteria.

On the "Luka" is a thermophilic organisms theory is more directly the challenges come from France Paris Pierre · Curie University two evolutionary biologists selin na · Fabro cut and jelf · Philip's latest research. They pointed out that previous research on the ribosomal RNA is flawed, because it includes the rapid evolution of genetic material, and that these substances are more likely to have lost the useful historical information. On the contrary, the two evolutionary biologists will concentrate on the ribosomal RNA evolved more slowly. In 2002, they open and evolutionary tree showing the most ancient organisms is the only living in temperature suitable areas known as float by like bacteria to other bacterial taxa. These organisms is not in the cell wall Peptidoglycan, wrapped membrane on the chromosomes.

There are also some scientists "Luka" really doubt exists.

University of Illinois at molecular biologist Carl · Atsumi, recently began on the "Luka" really doubt exists. He believed that all life last common ancestor is not a single organism, but a different gene parallel transfer of the original cell communities. Atsumi, said that the earliest film combining cells can be very simple and consists of several basic components, these components are able to play a role. Gene parallel transfer was the main driving force behind the evolution of life, rather than the vertical of the Darwin genetic. As the cells are becoming increasingly complex, a single initial random access components cannot be so easily. At this point (Atsumi, known as the Darwin limit), genome started depends on the genetic, with different characteristics immediate descendants began to appear.

Archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes?

Scientists believe that all living things on Earth — — from humans to the bells bacterial, from the blue whale — are derived from the same entity, a 30 billion years or 4 billion years ago, floating in the "original soup" surrounding the original cell. This entity is? it is how to live, and live where? scientists are a step by step to our unlocks the mysteries.

This entity is referred to as "Luka (LUCA)", "the first basic common ancestor", it did not leave any known fossil, no other physical clues to reveal its identity. However, on all the common ancestor of life eventually recover. Researchers are comparing all organism's genome, draw the common ancestor of all life "portraits". Their findings are quite controversial, but also for the people in the past formed the original life of some of the most fundamental imagination constitutes a challenge.

Earliest life entities "Luka" is bacteria, Archaea, and eukaryotes?

According to the new scientist "reported that the earliest life entity should be a self-replicating molecule ability, it is thought likely to occur in approximately 43 million years ago. It may be gradually evolved into many of the original cells. Then "Luka," what is it like?

The earliest reveal "Luka" arrangement of scientists is the University of Illinois at molecular biologist Carl · Atsumi. 1960s, Atsumi, invented a comparison in ribosomal RNA section found in the sequence to measure the relationship between species. Assuming that the gene mutations over time, natural growth two more species of sorting are totally different, they separate the longer time.

Atsumi, this lasted more than ten years of research, and biologists on a life of classification, which will be redefined to exploration "Luka," trying to have a major impact. Previously, life forms in the most basic level is divided into two biological taxa: eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Eukaryotes including all of the animals and plants, fungi and bacteria are unicellular (e.g. yeast). Prokaryotic characteristic is the absence of a nucleus of the cell membrane, and is not organized into chromosomal DNA.

Atsumi, found in prokaryotic actually has a third type of bio: ancient bacteria. Although the Archaea and bacteria are similar in many ways, but the lack of definition of peptide and lipid sugar, and only a few characteristics of eukaryotic cells. Since then, scientists use a new classification system, the creature is divided into three domains: Archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. However, the early results of Ottawa did not make an important question to answer: these three fields is in what order evolution?, in other words, "Luka" is the ancient bacteria bacteria, or, or eukaryotes? the 1980s, scientists on the ribosomal RNA further comparison showed that the bacterium is the oldest domain. Although the subsequent analysis of the other genes produce some inconsistent results, but the above argument has always been the dominant.